As the focus of the society, the college entrance examination system is directly related to the level and the quality of the higher education. A scientific and fair college entrance examination system is a necessity to build a harmonious society, promote the reform and development of education, and cultivate innovative talents. The evolution of the college entrance examination system is embodied in the test qualification, test subjects, test scores, test mode, the setting of the aspirations of examinees, the belonging of test authority limits, tuition, and so on, whose core value is “science and fairness”; while currently there is the unfairness in regions, in urban and rural areas, in test mode, and in the competition of students source among colleges, which is due to the unreasonable setting of authority in college admissions, the unbalanced development of politics, economy, and culture, and the excessive attention to the first degree by the society. In order to enhance the fairness of the college entrance examination system, we should set the admission authority limits of the educational administrative institutions and higher learning institutions properly, strengthen the scientific nature of the test contents, set the scores of the test subjects reasonably, reform the test mode, expand the channels of talent selection, optimize the tuition system, and improve the supporting system for poor students.